Ephialtes

Ephialtes was an ancient Athenian statesman and leader of the democratic movement in Athens during the 5th century BCE. He is primarily known for his radical democratic reforms which diminished the power of the aristocratic Areopagus council and strengthened democratic institutions in Athens. Born into a middle-class family, Ephialtes rose to prominence in Athenian politics as a champion of the common people. His most significant achievement was the reform of 462/461 BCE, which transferred most of the judicial and political powers from the Areopagus to the democratic institutions of the Boule (Council of 500), Ecclesia (Assembly), and popular courts. These reforms marked a crucial turning point in Athenian democracy, shifting power decisively toward the demos (common people). However, his radical democratic reforms made him enemies among the conservative aristocrats. He was eventually assassinated in 461 BCE, reportedly by hired agents of his political opponents, though the exact circumstances remain disputed.